लोडसेडिङ मुक्त कैले होला देश...........................

<div class="MsoNormal"> <b><span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">लोडसेडिङ मुक्त कैले होला देश</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">         <b>गजल</b></span><b><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">मोबाइलमा चार्ज छैन, आरु कुरा छोडौ</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">टेलिकम र प्राधिकरणलाई एकै ठाउँमा जोडौ ll</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">उत्ता बत्ति छैन, यता नेटवर्क छैन</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> दुवैलाई सिचाई गरि  एकै ठाउँ मा जोडौ</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">छिन छिनमा बत्ति छैन, टावर पनि त्यस्तै</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">जागिर खाने बेलामा आफ्नै आफ्नै रोजौ</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">टेलिकमकि  मैया बोल्छिन, सम्पर्क हुन सकेन</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">राइस कुकरमा भात काच्चै खाऊ न छोडौ</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;">रिचार्ज हुन दुईदिन लाग्छ, कुरा बुझिदैन</span><span style="font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal; mso-bidi-language: NE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 11.0pt;"> बत्ति आउने  ठगान छैन कुन  चाईलाई रोझौ<o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

लोडसेडिङ मुक्त कैले होला देश...........................

लोडसेडिङ मुक्त कैले होला देश          गजल मोबाइलमा चार्ज छैन, आरु कुरा छोडौ टेलिकम र प्राधिकरणलाई एकै ठाउँमा जोडौ ll उत्ता बत्ति ...

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TO STUDY THE ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION MECHANISM OF SUNDARIJAL HYDROPOWER PROJECT

<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1. INTRODUCTION :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Nepal is one of the Himalayan countries with a high hydropower potential. The water resources of Nepal are regarded as one of the principal opportunities for future economic development of the country. As mentioned in the country report in the first International Summit on “Sustainable use of water for energy”, some 225 billion m3 of surface water flows thorough Nepalese territory annually. This gives a specific runoff of about 0.12 million m3/km2/year, being about four times the world average. Nepal has more than 6,000 rivers and rivulets with a total length of about 45,000 km.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_13" o:spid="_x0000_i1031" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Nepal.JPG" style='width:468pt;height:273.75pt;visibility:visible; mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Babu\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg" o:title="Nepal"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Nepal.JPG" height="365" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_13" width="624" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" style="text-align: center;"> <u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Major river system with their corresponding catchment area<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated by hydropower; the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water. It is the most widely used form of renewable energy, The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity. Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and has a considerably lower output level of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO₂) than fossil fuel.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">2. BACKGROUND :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Sundarijal Sub-catchment (15 Km2) is located in Sivapuri National Park at the north of Kathmandu Valley. The Bagmati River originates at an elevation of 2732m in Shivapuri National Park and then flows along Sundarijal Sub-catchment before entering into the plain valley area of the city. The river flowing along the sub-catchment has been used for hydroelectricity generation, drinking water supply to people living in Kathmandu City and irrigation in nearby fields. We visited two main interest points, namely, dual-purpose Sundarijal Dam and Sundarijal Water Treatment Plant.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;">          </span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_14" o:spid="_x0000_i1030" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="DSC06186.JPG" style='width:455.25pt;height:252pt; visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Babu\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg" o:title="DSC06186"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="DSC06186.JPG" height="336" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_14" width="607" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center;"> <u><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hydropower station in Sundarijal<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Sundarijal Dam (elevation: 1620m) was constructed in 1934 for the production of hydroelectricity by Sundarijal Hydropower Station (elevation: 1394m) which has an installed capacity of 0.64 Megawatts (MW) of electricity. In 2006, the average water discharge of the dam was 165 l/sec. The station management and distribution of electricity is carried out by Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA). After electricity generation, the water coming through the dam is treated for use as a drinking water supply in Kathmandu City.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">3. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    The objectives of the study are as follows,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    1. To know the mechanism of hydro-electricity production.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    2. To know about geographical situation of Sundarijal hydropower project.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">    3. To know about advantages and disadvantages of hydropower project.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">     4. To give suggestion for more effective and sustainable improvement of hydro power project.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">4. SCOPE OF STUDY :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          <o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">          </span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">The scope of this study is limited to the know the mechanism of Sundarijal Hydropower project in Sundarijal V.D.C. and the related fields of this hydropower project.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">          It is limited to the the discussion with administration of the hydropower project and related subject teachers.</span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">5. METHODOLOGY :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          This study has adopted the review of past studies related to the hydropower project at<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sundarijal. This is done by detailed field studies, field observation, key informant’s interviews, focused group discussion and direct conversation in the field with related subject teachers and colleagues. The field visit has been carried out in the project area of Sundarijal to conduct the above mention activities on 25^thJanuary  2014.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_15" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="DSC06125.JPG" style='width:484.5pt;height:380.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Babu\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg" o:title="DSC06125"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="DSC06125.JPG" height="507" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image006.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_15" width="646" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <u><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Observation of Sundarijal hydropower station<o:p></o:p></span></span></u></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">6. DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Following data's are collected from the Sundarijal  hydropower project;<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 1in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.75in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">    </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Main sources of water :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Nagmati stream, Kathmandu district,<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Bagmati stream, Nuwakot district Bagudwar<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Syalmati stream Kathmandu district, Sundarijal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Canal :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Nearly 300 meter long cemented canal from Nagmait stream.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Nearly 1600 meter long normal canal from Syalmati stream.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Collection lake :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Collection pond is located in Bagmati stream at sundarijal V.D.C.              ward no.6<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Penstock pipe :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Diameter :- 71 centimeter<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Thickness :- 10 millimeter<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Length :- 1700 meter<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Power house is located at Sundarijal V.D.C. ward no.9<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Gross head :- 750 feet<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Design discharge :- 23.3 cusec<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Turbine :- peloton<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Configuration :- Horizontal<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Capacity :- 320 kilowatt per turbine<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">No. of turbine :- 2<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">       </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Total capacity :- 640 kilowatt<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_16" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Capture.JPG" style='width:481.5pt;height:172.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Babu\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg" o:title="Capture"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="Capture.JPG" height="230" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image008.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_16" width="642" /><!--[endif]--></span><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div> <div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_17" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="DSC06145.JPG" style='width:453.75pt; height:340.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Babu\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image009.jpg" o:title="DSC06145"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="DSC06145.JPG" height="454" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image010.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_17" width="605" /><!--[endif]--></span><u><span style="font-size: 16pt;">On the way to observe dam</span></u><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          There are many ways to generate electricity in modern day. One of them is to use the gravitational force of falling water, which is also known as hydroelectricity. Hydroelectricity occurs in a dam, where the falling water is used to generate enough force to turn a turbine that is connected to an electricity generator. With this action, potential energy of water is transformed into mechanical energy and then into electrical energy. This is both an efficient and green way of generating electricity: it is not as hard as the geothermal electricity because people do not have to find a perfect area to generate it; and it is also not as polluting as the nuclear power plants are. Therefore, hydroelectricity is much greener than the nuclear power plants which generate electricity, and much easier to generate than the geothermal electricity.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="dam.jpg" style='width:228.75pt; height:220.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Babu\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg" o:title="dam"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="dam.jpg" height="294" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_3" width="305" /><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="4d7f9adc-38f4-446f-ba31-36b21661b3dc.WyI1MDB4NDAwIiwic2NhbGUiXQ.gif" style='width:234.75pt;height:212.25pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'> <v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\Babu\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image013.gif" o:title="4d7f9adc-38f4-446f-ba31-36b21661b3dc.WyI1MDB4NDAwIiwic2NhbGUiXQ"/> </v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><img alt="4d7f9adc-38f4-446f-ba31-36b21661b3dc.WyI1MDB4NDAwIiwic2NhbGUiXQ.gif" height="283" src="file:///C:/Users/Babu/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image014.jpg" v:shapes="Picture_x0020_2" width="313" /><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          <o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          A dam is built where there is a natural source of water in a valley and it is used to hold the water and create pressure so that the water can produce more electrical power. The gravitational potential energy stored in the water is used to turn generators and create electricity. Electrical generators are turned by massive turbines, which are within tunnels in the dam wall—water flows through the tunnels with great pressure due to the great height, at which is kept in the dam. If there is a greater volume of water or there is a very large difference between the water level and where it flows out, then more power comes out of the water as it has greater potential energy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">          Like as above process the electricity production in Sundarijal hydro power project is running. There are two turbines each of 320 KW capacity are working properly. Therefore, total capacity of Sundarijal hydropower project is 640KW in any season of the year. The gross head of the hydropower is 750 feet. The penstock pipe used is 71 centimeter in diameter and 1700 meter in length . Sundarijal hydropower helps to produce electricity in Nepal and also helps to electricity supply.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">7. FINDINGS :-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Hydroelectricity uses the energy of running water, without reducing its quantity, to produce electricity. Therefore, all hydroelectric developments, of small or large size, whether run of the river or of accumulated storage, fit the concept of renewable energy.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Hydroelectric enterprises that are developed and operated in a manner that is economically viable, environmentally sensible and socially responsible represent the best concept of sustainable development.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 16pt;">Energy generated by hydroelectric installations can be injected into the electricity system faster than that of any other energy source. The capacity of hydroelectric systems to reach maximum production from zero in a rapid and foreseeable manner makes them exceptionally appropriate for addressing alterations in the consumption and providing ancillary services to the electricity system, thus maintaining the balance between the electricity supply and demand.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The hydroelectric life cycle produces very small amounts of greenhouse gases (GHG). In emitting less GHG than power plants driven by gas, coal or oil, hydroelectricity can help retard global warming.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Water can be stored, waiting to be used in peak times.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li> </ul> <ul type="disc"> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hydropower plays a major role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions; hydroelectric power plants don’t release pollutants into the air. They very frequently substitute the generation from fossil fuels, thus reducing acid rain and smog. In addition to this, hydroelectric developments don’t generate toxic by-products.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In some cases, inundation of land and wildlife habitat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In some cases, loss or modification of fish habitat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In some cases, changes in reservoir and stream water quality.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">In some cases, displacement of local populations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Building the dam is expensive and time taking.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The dam will change the habitat and landscape upstream, as much more land will be submersed.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li> <li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">The land below the dam is also affected as the flow of water is reduced.<o:p></o:p></span></span></li> </ul> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">8. CONCLUSION:-<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b><span style="font-size: 16pt;"><br /> </span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">          Electricity plays a vital role in the modern world. The development of science and technology has made our lives easy and comfortable. This would not have been possible without electricity. We use electricity for various domestic purposes. For example: refrigerator, fax, oven, heater, etc. Industries require machinery and other heavy tools to produce many manufactured goods. Electricity is a must to run these machinery and heavy tools. Similarly, means of communication cannot develop without electricity. We cannot even think of computer or television without electricity. Without the means of communication the pace of human development will be very slow. At present the whole world is suffering from global pollution. If electricity is used to operate the vehicles, the air pollution will be controlled.  Hydroelectricity is a very unique way of generating energy. It is one of the most used systems around the world. Also, it is a renewable energy source which is very helpful to our planet and it is something that will never end unlike natural gas and fossil fuels. Therefore, many of the countries and many more in the future will choose it over a lot of the other ways to generate electricity. All in all, it is a very cost efficient and green way to generate something that us human beings need in our daily lives.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"> <br /></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"> <br /></div>

TO STUDY THE ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION MECHANISM OF SUNDARIJAL HYDROPOWER PROJECT

1. INTRODUCTION :-           Nepal is one of the Himalayan countries with a high hydropower potential. The water resources of Nepal are...

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OBJECTIVE QUESTION FOR ENTRANCE PREPARATION

<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the unit of Electric resistance?   Ohms<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the first name of the famous scientist who gave us Newton’s three laws of motion?Isaac<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">Earth is located in which galaxy? The Milky Way</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What scientist is well known for his theory of relativity?  Albert Einstein</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the earth’s primary source of energy?   The sun</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the name of the wire inside electric bulb?  Filament</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the most recognized model of how universe begun? Big Bang Theory</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">6.023 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%;">´</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">10²³represents which number? Avogadro's Number</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">         </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">Which scientist discovered neutron? James Chadwick</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the sum of protons and neutrons in any atom called? Mass Number</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the full form of RADAR?  Radio Detection And Ranging</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the full form of LCD? Liquid Crystal Display<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Who invented telescope? Galileo Galili<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the SI unit of momentum?   Kgm/s<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">Electric current is typically measured in what units?  Amperes</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the velocity of light? 3 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">´</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> 10⁸ m/s<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the purpose of Rectifier?  Convert AC to DC<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Which original particle of atom contains negative charge? Electron<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Who invented the electric bulb? Thomas Alba Edison<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">20.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Which acid present in lemon? Citric Acid<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">21.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the name of sound below 20 Hz?  I<span style="background: white;">nfrasonic</span><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">22.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">Which metal is in liquid at room temperature? Mercury</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">23.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the value of 1Angstrom in meter? 10^-10m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">24.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the symbol of Ozone? O₃</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">25.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the symbol of glucose? C₆H₁₂O₆</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">26.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the formula of Surface tension? Force/Length </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">27.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the formula of potential energy at earth's surface? Mgh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">28.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 115%;">What is the unit of Magnetic flux? Weber</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">29.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In which country Albert Einstein Was born? Germany<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">30.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Who founded the Nobel Prize? Alfred Bernhard Nobel<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">31.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">By which law Albert Einstein won the Nobel Prize?law of the photoelectric effect<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">32.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Who is the founder of Facebook?  Mark Zuckerberg<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">33.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the percentage of Oxygen in air? 21%<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">34.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the value of universal gravitational constant G?   6.67 </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">´</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> 10^-11 Nm²/kg²<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">35.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the unit of Power of lens? Diopter <o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">36.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">What is the atomic number of gold? 79<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">37.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Which planet is known as red planet? Mars<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">38.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">How many constellations are present in universe? 88</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">39.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">In Fahrenheit scale what is the boiling point of water?  212^oF</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">40.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is the unit of Luminous Intensity?Candela<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">41.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is the process by which heat of sun enters to the earth? Radiation<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">42.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">How much heat is required to raise the temperature of 1g of water by 1oC? 1Calorie<o:p></o:p></span></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0in 0in 0.0001pt 27pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">43.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">     </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">What is the formula of Snell's law?  Sini/Sinr  = </span><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol;">m</span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"> <br /></div>

OBJECTIVE QUESTION FOR ENTRANCE PREPARATION

1.          What is the unit of Electric resistance?   Ohms 2.          What is the first name of the famous scientist who gave us Newton...

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Historical background of science education in Nepal

<div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> <b><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Historical background of science education in Nepal <o:p></o:p></span></b></div> <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">            In the world history of human civilization, science developed from the very beginning. At that, time people used to observe the sky and the objects related with it. Men used to hunt animals and search plants for eating. They were keen to observe and have knowledge from surroundings. If we study the western civilization of seventeenth century, we can find Arristotle, Galile Galileo and Isaac Newton studing about the principles of physics. The reason of industrial revolution in the eighteenth century is also the development of science and technology. Afterwards, the other countries also followed the same principle and come in this position now.</span></div> <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">            In the context of Nepal, the government has started to teach science in Trichandra colleage in 1920. In SLC, also there was a provision of science, subject as extra subject since 1939. Furthermore, in Rana Period the fact Nepals first scientist Gehendra Samsher with other seven peoples got opportunity to go Japan for the provision study of technical education (Sharma, 1993).</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><i><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">             </span></i><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Nepal National Educational Planning Commission</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"> (NNEPC, 1956) Report:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> The NESP 2011 disclosed that some studnts had show to study science annually in the secondary level. However, while recommending it said that   a three-year science course was sufficient for each of the students in which the first two years would be the basic science and the last one year would be the advance teaching of the subject. The commission defined class seven to ten as secondary level education. It also advised to conduct short-term training programmes, for science teachers, which could be included in the curriculum. In short, the commission did not include science teaching learning programmes at large.</span><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div> <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1961</span></div> <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This commission recommended that the duration of the secondary level would be seven years. The science would be a compulsory from grade six to eight and it would be a compulsory subject it would regarded as an optional subject in grade nine and ten, according to this commission. It strongly advised to conduct teachers training programmes in every subjects including science.it also recommended to manage science laboratories in every schools so that the teaching of science would be effective. To maintain the training of science, a science lab should open in the colleage of education. In addition, trained professors should appointed their.  In comparison to NESP, this commission gave more priorities for the development of science education.</span></div> <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">            <b>National Education System Plan </b><b>(NESP, 1971-1975): </b>According to this report grade eight, nine and ten regarded as secondary level education. The national goal of education included one of the objectives to develop scientific attitude in every learner. Science made a compulsory subject in general, Sanskrit and vocational secondary schools. It gave more emphasis on the construction of education teaching materials in the local level. Similarly, the ministry of education would produce expensive and high-teaching materials, which the school could not produce. The materials beyond the MOE would import from out of the country. It made science labrotory compulsory in every secondary school and in lower secondary level science teaching materials should provide by the concerned authority.     <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>            National Education Commission</b><b> (NEC, 1992) Report: </b>In the document of this commission, the importance of science education and the convenience in action resulted by it has repeadedly mentioned. Similarly, than it has cited in national goal of education itself that one of the goals was to modernize the society and to develop the work force for the overall betterment of the nation. It has defined grade nine and ten as secondary level education. According to this commission, there must be scientific knowledge in society and that science would adjust in every sector of education. Furthermore, Priority should give to the development of science and technology in the country. According to recommendations of this commission, talented students of secondary education, while choosing optional subjects should choose maths and science. Similarly, science recommended making compulsory with hundarte marks in grade nine and ten in the secondary level. In addition to this science subject combined with environment science of hundarte full marks. However, after six years in 2055 next education commission separated the environment from science and included with population. Now, from 2058 science subject is as a compulsory subject in secondary level. In hundrate, full marks seventy-five theoretical and twenty-five marks allocated for practicle assessment.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>            High Level National Education Commission </b><b>(HLNEC, 1998) Report</b><b>: </b>One of the national goals of education, according to this commission is to produce such skillful and capable work force in the field of knowledge, science and technology for the overall development of the country, which in turn help to develop their life-standard. Likewise, it aims to produce skillful citizens who are aware of the conservation of the natural resources and environment. In addition, it aims to produce competitive citizen of international level in the field of science and technology. The commission gave continuity to the previous trend of identifying science as compulsory subject at the secondary level.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div> <div class="Default" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">To conclude the documents of every commission have more or less given priority to science. However, no commissions has strongly advocated the optimum development of the one of the deserving subject- science.in this sense, we can conclude that there are many short-commings in the neplese education especially science education.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">            </span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;">Furthermore, Science Education Project (SEP) was established for the first time in         Nepal on Nov. 18, 1982. The aims of the science education project were to improve the quality of school science education through upgrading science teaching skills and science facilities. However, the major achievements of science education project were limited to the establishment of one national Science Education Development Centre (SEDEC) at Sanothimi, Bhaktapur and 25 Science Education Development Units (SEDU) at 25 selected districts throughout the country. The other achievement of SEP was the delivery of science equipment and chemicals to the selected 700 schools and 25 SEDU. SEP also gave opportunities to undergo training to many school personnels. However, in 1992 SEDEC converted into Secondary Education Development Project (SEDP). The overall objective of the SEDP is to support the HMG’s development goals by producing middle level work force for the country as well as the quality inputs for tertiary education by improving the quality and efficiency of secondary education.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">(Sherstha, 2009).<o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"> General objective of secondary school science (CDC, 2008), meaning and importance of scientific and technological literacy (STL)<b>. </b>Moreover, my efforts will centre on research into quality teaching and learning of Science<b>,</b></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

Historical background of science education in Nepal

Historical background of science education in Nepal             In the world history of human civilization, science developed from the ve...

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Scientific Love

<div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If you are sodium then I' am chlorine,</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By our union we'll form salt.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">And let all need our love.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We'll make our universe full of love creations.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">By meiosis and mitosis cell division.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We'll divide our love to future generation.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">No any virus can enter in our Galaxy.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We'll remove every difference through our  love energy.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">My Magnetic love will always pull you towards me.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">I won't use pressure to you and you won't do so to me.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Yours and mine gravity will always keep us together </span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We both will be suffering the same,</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"> If we measure our love fever in thermometer.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If you're a feather and I 'am a coin, don't worry.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">We both will be equal in vacuum.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">This much weights my love,</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Hope yours is also directly proportional to mine</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">But we can't measure our love by  beam balance.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Through every technique we'll continue our scientific love,</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Till we are ready to be disposed off.</span></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">If possible, well still recycle our scientific love.</span></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

Scientific Love

If you are sodium then I' am chlorine, By our union we'll form salt. And let all need our love. We'll make our universe f...

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गजल-भूकम्प र नाकाबन्दीले थिलथिलो हेम्रो देश, सरकार अनि नेताहरु

<div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">जिउन गाह्रो, बच्न गाह्रो कति बस्नु रोई</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">सिस्टममा केही छैन, हाम्रो देश को सरकार खोई ? ll</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">भूकम्पले घर लग्यो , बस्ने ठाउँ छैन</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">जस्तापाता चोर्ने बिश्वउत्कृष्ट अर्थमन्त्री खोई ?</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">राष्ट्र सबै टुक्रीने भो, खण्ड खण्ड देश</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">अंग्रेजलाई हराउने, बिर गोर्खालीको छोरानाति खोई ?</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">दाउरा पाउन गाह्रो यहाँ, ग्यास को कुरा छोडौ</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">घर घर मा ग्यास पाइप जोड्ने के. पी. ओली खोई ?</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">बिजुलीमा पर निर्भर, कन्डल बल्नु पर्याछ</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <span lang="NE" style="font-family: "mangal" , "serif"; font-size: 10.5pt;">एक वर्षमा लोडसडीङ्ग मुक्तपर्ने प्रधनमन्त्री खोई ?</span><o:p></o:p></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <br /></div>

गजल-भूकम्प र नाकाबन्दीले थिलथिलो हेम्रो देश, सरकार अनि नेताहरु

जिउन गाह्रो, बच्न गाह्रो कति बस्नु रोई सिस्टममा केही छैन, हाम्रो देश को सरकार खोई ? ll भूकम्पले घर लग्यो , बस्ने ठाउँ छैन जस्तापाता...

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